Dodatek 2. Czasowniki nieregularne, samogłoski wysokie i niskie

EN
Translation in progress.

English verbs, except Modal, have three forms. The forms help express thought about Time (PRESENT, PAST or FUTURE) and Aspect (Simple, Progressive, Perfect, or Perfect Progressive).

The first form can make the Present Simple:
I write.

The second form can make the Past Simple:
I wrote.

The third form can make the Perfect:
I have written (Present);
I had written (Past);
I will have written (Future).

The first form and the ending –ING can help talk about activities we view as Progressive in character:
I am writing.

Regular verbs take the ending –ED, in the second and third forms. Irregular verbs may take various shapes and show vowel patterns.

mean	meant	meant
read	read	read
<I:>	<e:>	<e:>

Outside English-speaking countries, these are mostly American English or British English that people learn for their Englishes. We may compare the two distinct language varieties here.

Some verbs are regular in American English, although they are irregular in British, and the other way round. When the verb can be regular and irregular in American, we list both the forms. When either regular or irregular form prevails in American, we can mark it as PREV.

Dependent on prevalence, we can mark forms that occur mostly in British English as BE. When the form is associated mostly with American English, we can mark it as AE.

Please note that literary American English may employ irregular verb forms for versatility, and stay with regular forms for everyday usage.

FIRST FORM	SECOND FORM	THIRD FORM
chide	chided / chid	chided / chid / chidden
gild	gilded^PREV / gilt	gilded^PREV / gilt
learn	learned / learnt^BE	learned / learnt^BE

Let us remember, the speech sound <L> happens to be an individualist in American English. Appendix 1 has more.

FIRST FORM	SECOND FORM	THIRD FORM
dial	dialed^AE dialled^BE	dialed^AE dialled^BE

Most dictionaries list irregular verbs alphabetically. We list them looking to speech sound patterns. This can make remembering irregular forms easier. We might just read a few verbs at a time and begin to remember them. The phonetic transcription is generalized.

For clarity, the vowel chart below shows a generalized picture for high, mid, and low vowels in American English. Vowel height regards the position of the tongue in the mouth (high, mid, or low).

Please mind that American English is a live language and live languages change. Vowel charts and verb lists may not last forever.

VOWEL CHART, HIGH AND LOW VOWELS

The colon — <:> — marks the speech sounds we pronounce longer. Vowels often become a bit higher, when prolonged. Please compare “reed” <I:>, and “bid” .

The symbol <ə> is for the shwa. It is a neutral vowel sound. We find it in unstressed syllables. If stressed, the shwa most often becomes a full vowel. Some transcriptions consider <Λ> a reduced speech sound, too. This is why the table presents it without the colon.

The <æ> joins <e> and <Λ> qualities.

We may star the second and third irregular forms that can be of same shapes, in American English. We do this to perceive, not to learn by rote.

1. Second and third form: 
<I:> — <I:> — <I:>

beat

beaten

lean

leaned^PREV / leant^BE

leap

leaped^PREV / leapt

— —

build

built

gild

gilded^PREV / gilt

gird

girded^PREV / girt

hit

knit

knitted / knit

rid

ridded / rid

spill

spilled^PREV / spilt

<ɅI> — —

bite

bit

bitten / bit

chide

chid / chided

chid / chided / chidden

hide

hid

hidden / hid

light

lit / lighted

slide

slid

2. Second and third form <U:>
<U:> — <U:> — <U:>

hew

hewed^PREV / hewn

prove

proved

proved^PREV / proven

strew

strewed

strewed^PREV / strewn

<æ:> — <U:> — <U:>

stand

stood

3. Second and third form: <eI>
<eI> — <eI> — <eI>

inlay

inlaid

inlaid / inlain^BE

lade

laded

laded^PREV / laden

lay

laid

laid / lain^BE

make

made

pay

paid

shave

shaved

shaved^PREV / shaven

<ΛI> — <eI> — <eI>

lie

lay

lain

4. Second and third form: <e>
<I:> — <e> — <e>

bereave

bereft / bereaved

bleed

bled

breed

bred

deal

dealt

dream

dreamed^AE / dreamt

feed

fed

feel

felt

flee

fled

keep

kept

kneel

knelt / kneeled

lead

led

leave

left

mean

meant

meet

met

read

sleep

slept

speed

sped / speeded

sweep

swept

weep

wept

To remember verb patterns, we may think about the place and manner we make speech sounds. The sounds and , or <v> and <f> differ in voicing solely; <l> and <r> share much in place, and differ in manner, similarly to <t>, <d>, <n>, and <s>. We can compare the verbs “to beat”, “to lean”, and “to leap”.

<eI> — <e> — <e>

gainsay

gainsaid

say

said

<e> — <e> — <e>

bend

bended / bent

blend

blended^PREV / blent

bless

blessed^PREV / blest

lend

lent

rend

rended / rent

send

sent

smell

smelled^PREV / smelt

spell

spelled^AE / spelt

spend

spent

<o> — <e> — <e>

hold

held

5. Second and third form <з:>
<I:> — <з:> — <з:>

hear

heard

<з:> — <з:> — <з:>

burn

burned^PREV / burnt

learn

learned / learnt^BE

6. Second and third form <o>
<I:> — <oᴜ> — <oᴜ>

cleave

cleaved^PREV /clove/cleft

cleaved^PREV / cloven

freeze

froze

frozen

heave

heaved^PREV / hove

speak

spoke

spoken

steal

stole

stolen

weave

wove / weaved

woven / weaved

<ᴜ:> — <oᴜ> — <oᴜ>

choose

chose

chosen

break

broke

broken

stave

staved^PREV / stove

wake

woke / waked

woken / waked

<oᴜ> — <oᴜ> — <oᴜ>

mow

mowed

mowed^PREV / mown

sew

sewed

sewn / sewed^AE

show

showed

shown / showed^AE

sow

sowed

sown / sowed

<ɅI> — <oᴜ> — <oᴜ>

shine

shone / shined^AE

<I:> — <o> — <o>

seek

sought

teach

taught

shear

sheared^PREV/ shore

sheared^PREV / shorn

— <o> — <o>

bring

brought

think

thought

<ᴜ:> — <o> — <o>

lose

lost

shoe

shod / shoed^AE

shoot

shot

<e> — <o> — <o>

bear

bore

borne / born

get

got

gotten^AE / got

sell

sold

swear

swore

sworn

tell

told

tear

tore

torn

tread

trod

trodden

wear

wore

worn

<з:> — <o> — <o>

work

worked^PREV / wrought

<o> — <o> — <o>

saw

sawed

sawed^PREV / sawn

<æ> — <o> — <o>

catch

caught

<ɅI> — <o> — <o>

buy

bought

fight

fought

spoil

spoiled

spoiled^PREV / spoilt

7. Second and third form: <Ʌ>
 — <Ʌ> — <Ʌ>

cling

clung

dig

dug

fling

flung

sling

slung

slink

slunk / slinked^AE

spin

spun

stick

stuck

sting

stung

stink (TABOO)

stunk (TABOO)

string

strung

swing

swung

win

won

wring

wrung

<æ> — <Ʌ> — <Ʌ>

hang

hung / hanged^AE

<ɅI> — <Ʌ> — <Ʌ>

strike

struck

struck/stricken

<ɅI> — <Ʌᴜ> — <Ʌᴜ>

bind

bound

find

found

grind

ground

wind

wound / winded

wound

Right next to the high vowel quality <ᴜ>, the quality <Ʌ> receives more emphasis, and can be listed as lower than <Ʌ> alone.
8. Second and third form: <æ>
 — <æ> — <æ>

sit

sat

spit

spat / spit^AE

<æ> — <æ> — <æ>

have/has

had

9. “Cradle” patterns return to first form vowels, in the third form.

<I:> — <eI>— <I:>

eat

ate

eaten

<I:> — <o/e>— <I:>

was / were

been

<I:> — <o>— <I:>

see

saw

seen

— <eI>—

bid

bade / bid

bidden / bid

give

gave

given

take

took

taken

shake

shook

shaken

<oᴜ> — <ᴜ>— <oᴜ>

blow

blew

blown

crow

crowed^PREV / crew

crowed

grow

grew

grown

throw

threw

thrown

<o> — <ᴜ>— <o>

draw

drew

drawn

<o> — <e>— <o>

fall

fell

fallen

<Ʌ> — <eI>— <Ʌ>

come

came

come

<Ʌ> — <æ>— <Ʌ>

run

ran

run

Not only <æ> may settle below the center, on <Ʌ>.
 — <æ>— <Ʌ>

begin

began

begun

drink

drank

drunk

ring

rang

rung

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

shrink

shrank / shrunk

shrunk / shrunken

spring

sprang / sprung

sprung

swim

swam

swum

<ᴜ> — — < Ʌ>

did

done

<oᴜ> — <e>— <Ʌ>

went

gone

As a starting value, <ɅI> resolves with own quality or tends towards ; it may round up with <o> or <ᴜ>, as we can compare throughout the listing.
<ɅI> — <oᴜ>—

drive

drove

driven

ride

rode

ridden

rive

rived / rove^BE

rived^PREV / riven

rise

rose

risen